The Effect of Multiple Grammatical Errors on Processing Non-Native Writing

In this work, we estimate the deterioration of NLP processing given an estimate of the amount and nature of grammatical errors in a text. From a corpus of essays written by English-language learners, we extract ungrammatical sentences, controlling the number and types of errors in each sentence. We focus on six categories of errors that are commonly made by English-language learners, and consider sentences containing one or more of these errors. To evaluate the effect of grammatical errors, we measure the deterioration of ungrammatical dependency parses using the labeled F-score, an adaptation of the labeled attachment score. We find notable differences between the influence of individual error types on the dependency parse, as well as interactions between multiple errors.